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The beam is a flexural member, and the column is an axial+flexural member. So, the beam will experience more cracking than columns. These numbers are deduced from experimental results ( read the commentary of ACI section 10.10.4.1).

These values helps to follow strong column weak beam philosophy. Secondly to avoid cracks.

Material behavior can be idealized as consisting of an 'elastic' domain and a 'plastic' domain. For almost 200 years, structural design has been based on an elastic theory which assumes that structures display a linear response throughout their loading history, ignoring the post-yielding stage of behavior. Current design practice for reinforced concrete structures is a curious blend of elastic analysis to compute forces and moments, plasticity theory to proportion cross-sections for the moment and axial, load, and empirical mumbo-jumbo to proportion members for shear. From the book "Design of Concrete Structures with Stress Fields" by A. Muttoni, J. Schwartz and B.Thurliman.

1. To check soil pressure in SAFE v8, - After running the analysis, go to Diplay menu, - Select 'Show Reaction Forces...', - Select 'Soil Pressures', - Select the Load case or combination, - Click on OK. 2. Minimum & maximum pressures are the Actual range of calculated pressures anywhere on the given foundation. 3. The limit of pressure is the Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure provided by a geotechnical engineer, after carrying out necessary field & laboratory tests on the at the project site or the soil samples taken from the site. Regards.

The file referred in the link is Chapter 4 of 2002 version (ASCE 7-02) of 'Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures', dealing with Live Loads. Reduction of Live Load is permitted, as per procedure & limitations described in Section 4.8 of this chapter. This information is also available in later versions of ASCE 7. In case of ASCE 7-05, it is provided in Section 4.8, whereas in ASCE 7-10, you may find it in Section 4.7 of the standard. Regards.

This is related to calculus... you can study the theory about complex numbers... refer calculus by howard anton For seismic dynamics refer Structural Dynamics by Anil K Chopra..

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The demand on the horizontal and vertical members that will transfer the forces of a wall to the foundation is a major concern. The demand will be calculated by considering the expected ductility and overstrength of the wall.