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Please tell me the location of the site in karachi. I will tell u the appropriate. B.c value

Usman, Although foundation design may be based on an ASSUMED bearing capacity value, it is generally used for preparation of building cost estimates only. However, use of such a foundation design for actual construction may be risky for the structural stability or may be uneconomical, in case the ACTUAL bearing capacity is either less or more than the ASSUMED value. Such a situation, if arises in reality, will negatively affect the credibility of the structural engineer. Therefore, professionally building foundations are designed based on actual bearing capacity of soil only, obtained through a reliable geotechnical firm. In the stated case, you may design the foundation assuming some lower bearing capacity value, like 0.50 or 0.75 tsf (former would be conservative of course, as indicated earlier by @UmarMakhzumi), clearly noting on the drawing that the foundation has been based on an assumed value of soil bearing capacity. And, in case actual bearing capacity (that should be checked at the most before starting the foundation concrete) is different from the value used for footing design, foundation design will require a review. This is the normal procedure I myself adopt in cases where the actual bearing capacity of a site is not available at the time of preparation of structural drawings. In my case, the drawings are stamped as "Advanced Copy. Not for Construction." as well. Regards.

@EngrUzair has replied well to your question. I will just add that the most important thing while using any software is to know its limitations and what part of design is not covered. You can be a master at a software use but if you don't know its limitations, its all in vain. Thanks.

1. General basis of these software is available in software manuals (Getting Started, Analysis Reference etc.) that are installed along with the software, in the 'Manuals' subfolder in the installation folder of the relevant software (Etabs,SAFE or SAP 2000). 2. Software installation folder most probably contains one or two software tutorials as well. Additionally, you may use 'Watch and Learn' training movies, developed by CSI, and available at following link, to learn how to use the software for various tasks:- CSI Watch-and-Learn videos Just click on the name of the software, and a page containing the list of videos pertaining to that software will open. 3. Many examples explaining the use of these software through modelling of various type of structures are available at YouTube. Regards.

justified and reasonable practice as explained above the concept of equilibrium torsion