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Very informative & impressive article, on a very very important topic of earthquake awareness, both technically as well as for the general knowledge of common people. And, that too in Urdu language for easy understanding of even non-technical people. Fully appreciated. Except a mistake (most probably typographic) of indicating Quetta in Zone 3 (Instead of Zone 4), the article is really superb, both from technical information as well from clarity points of view. Hopefully, it would help the readers understand how the earthquakes initiate, what are their negative effects & why their homes should be earthquake resistant. Regards.

I was browsing through my archives are noticed a bunch of articles written by NICEE (National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering (NICEE) was established in IIT Kanpur with the mandate to empower all stakeholders in the building industry in seismic safety towards ensuring an earthquake resistant built environment. NICEE maintains and disseminates information resources on Earthquake Engineering. It undertakes community outreach activities aimed at mitigation of earthquake disasters. NICEE’s target audience includes professionals, academics and all others with an interest in and concern for seismic safety). The articles are free to publish as long as original content stays unchanged. These articles are good for fresh structural engineers and Civil/ Structural Engineering Students. The best thing about them is that they are only 2 pages and full of images. It literally takes less than 5 min to go through each. EQTip19.pdf EQTip20.pdf How architectural features effect buildings.pdf How buildings twist during earthquakes.pdf How do Beam-Column Joints in RC Buildings Resist Earthquakes.pdf How do Brick Masonry behave during Earthquake.pdf How do Columns in RC Buildings Resist Earthquakes.pdf How do Earthquake Affect Reinforced Concrete Buildings.pdf How Flexibility of Buildings affect their earthquake response.pdf How the ground shakes.pdf How to make building ductile for Good Seismic Performace.pdf How to make Stone Masonry Buildings Earthquake Resistant.pdf How to Reduce Earthquake Effects on Buildings.pdf What are magnitudes and intensity.pdf What are seismic effects on structures.pdf What causes earthquake.pdf What is seismic design philosophy of Buildings.pdf Why are Buildings with Shear Walls Preferred in Seismic Regions.pdf Why are horizontal bands necessary in masonry buildings.pdf Why are Open Ground Storey Buildings Vulnerable in Earthquakes.pdf Why are Short Columns more Damaged During Earthquake.pdf Why is vertical reinforcement required in masonry buildings.pdf Why should Masonry Buildings have simple Structural Configuration.pdf

asad R is structural participation factor for the base shear.we make our structures in two different ways one that whole structure bears the base shear force and still remains in the elastic range there is no plastic hinge formation or non linear range... and other way is that we design our structure such that some part of base shear is resisted by structure and remaining part is shared by the ductility of the structure and structure goes into non linear range and hinges are formed. what we prefer that our structure behave the second way so it some part remains in the elastic range and other part in plastic.Plastic hinges are only preferred in the higher zones like you mentioned 3 or 4.In low zones we don't make plastic hinges as it makes structure uneconomical so we do more elastic and little bit ductile structure.. So the value of R is kept low as this value is divided by the base shear and the force which comes out is taken by the structure and remaining is taken by the ductile part of structure....In normal zones structures are low ductile and value of R is less. Now if we go to the higher zones like 3 or 4 what we want is that our structure should be flexible and it resist all the seismic forces and should not fail at any stage. So SMRF structure is preferred and Strong column weak beam structure is designed. So when we take value of R like 8 or 9 it means that base shear divided by R the value we get is resisted by structure and the remaining force is very big goes to the ductile part of the structure so just to get that much ductility or flexibility in the structure plastic hinge phenomena is introduced in the structure. What happens in the plastic hinge that our structure gets all the deformation and it goes to the plastic hinge region but it don't fail or fall down but this is only in very severe cases or very high zones. In plastic hinge we keep very close reinforcement at the beam column joint what happen with this reinforcement that concrete is more confined as we know that in concrete structures failure only occurs due to the cracking of concrete and steel fails at very very late stage so with this extra shear reinforcement we make structure flexible such that large deformations occur but no failure of structure. So i hope that you will get it now and Plastic hinges are made in SMRF structures as they are specially designed to resist severe seismic actions. and plastic hinges are formed that our structure should not fail at any cost it should go in non linear range ... I suggest you to read some thing about the push over analysis and non linear hinges in structures ... I hope that now you are much clear what i mean but still if you have any doubts please donot hesitate to ask...