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In case of Lumpsum contracts, Unit Rates are required for the following purposes:- a. For calculating the cost effects of deviations or variations of quantities, when the variation is beyond a certain limit b. For calculation of payment for any additional similar work, if required or ordered in connection with the same contract. c. For determining the payment amounts in case of Items of work for which actual quantities are unknown at the time of tendering. These items are included as 'provisional items' in tender documents. HTH Regards.

Dear Wajahat, Understanding of different comes with experience, and grows with your practice, engineering is continuously learning. As mentioned by Ayesha basic is from building codes, further you can study different design and analysis books which will build your concepts. Discussion with your seniors will also make your understanding better. For fresh start, book of Nilson, Nadim Houssain, G.Nawy and Macregor, skim for your required topic. For advance analysis techniques, check edwilson's book Three dimensional static and dynamic analysis of structures, freely available at edwilson.org. Regards

WA. Checking this link, you might be able to get your required information.

The first thing you need to start off with is understanding of building and design codes. A structural design code would tell you what kind of analysis you need to do for a given case. It is simple as that.

Dear Irfan, see the attach photo, I hope this will be the best structure scheme for your plan.

If you can design this slab with a 7" thickness, there is no need to provide a beam in the step region, because again a 14" depth won't be sufficient for a 30' span. And your beams would be projecting out on top of the wall, which is not very good from an aesthetic point of view. Drop below the slab can also obstruct MEP services. This is a personal point of view by the way, technically you can provide beams in the steps region.